My first brush with polytheism happened in a history lesson in sixth grade. The topic: the antique world. People of ancient ages believed in more than one god. In fact, there were deities for almost every chapter of human life, a specific pantheon of distinct gods. Often we find one supreme deity. In Greece it was Zeus, in Rome Jupiter. Some contemporary religions also believe in more than one god.
Looking back at folk religions, polytheism seems to have been a natural development. In many cases we find a continuum of supernatural beings or spirits, including demons, ghosts, ancestors, etc.; and usually they are classified in the following types: Celestial god. Death god. Mother goddess. Creator god. Trickster deity (Oh, Gabriel, we do miss you). Love goddess.
It is fascinating to observe how pantheons tended to grow over time, in alignment with the empires of old expanding their territories and conquering not only the nation but also her gods and submitting them to the new order being established by the victor – as Rome did, for instance.
According to legend, the city of Rome was founded 753 B.C. Five hundred years later Rome reigned over all of Italy, expanding its empire across Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. Along with the subjugation of foreign countries, Rome also used parts of their culture and mythology.
Usually, after a conquest, the Romans allowed the natives to go on worshipping their gods, but enveloped those gods with a typical Roman character, to emphasize that the conquered were now a part of the Roman Empire. In time Roman gods owned traits of ancient Italian, pre-Roman gods and some of subjugated nations.
Before Rome the Etruscans were one of the most influential people in Italy. As Rome grew the most powerful element, she claimed several Etruscan gods, endowing them with Greek traits. For example the Romans took the Etruscan god of light and sky, Tinia, and re-named him Jupiter, a god of thunder. After conquering Greece, Jupiter was enhanced with typical character traits of Zeus, making him the highest ranking god of all.
Within Etruscan religion, divine power was divided into three parts: Tinia, god of light and sky, his wife Uni, goddess of the Cosmos and Menrva, goddess of wisdom and war. Later in Rome those became Jupiter, Juno (wife and sister of Jupiter, Roman equivalent to the Greek Hera) and Minerva, goddess of wisdom, arts and trade (like the Greek goddess Athena).
Similar to the divine power, power over the Roman empire was in the hands of a triumvirate (that is before Caesar insisted on a dictatorship and diminished the role of the senate, thus bringing to life a long line of emperors).
Most ancient belief systems held that gods influenced human lives, a belief that still holds true today, even though we’ve come a long way from the days of old – speaking of Western Civilizations. Greek philosopher Epicurus claimed that gods were material, human-like and could be perceived by the mind, especially during sleep (for instance Joan of Arc once said that God was speaking to her in her sleep).
Within the concept of Polytheism we find different approaches:
Kathenotheism: the belief that there is more than one deity, but only one god is worshipped at a time, though another might be worthy of worship at another time or place.
Monolatrism: The belief that there may be more than just one deity, but that only one is worthy of being worshipped.
Henotheism: The idea that there may be more than one deity, but one is supreme.
The latter is particularly interesting in regard to what we’ve seen in Supernatural and what many contemporary religions describe.
Henotheism is based on the belief that a god may take any form at any given time but still be of the same nature in his essence, thereby being able to exist in many forms at once and offering worship or praise using various names would not imply polytheism.
Essentially, Henotheism allows the believer to worship one Supreme Being and does not force him to limit the manifestations to describe it.
In Christianity we find angels, demons, saints that are worshipped in one way or another. A study conducted in Italy not long ago stated that people prayed to various saints first before addressing Jesus or God directly.
Even though in particular saints and angels are often object of prayer and worship, Christians don’t consider these beings as Gods. In fact, Christian churches teach that saints don’t possess power of their own – any miracles they may have worked (necessary to be proclaimed a saint in the first place) were God’s powers administered to them.
On the other hand, the Catholic Encyclopaedia describes God as ‘three persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. (…) The Father is God, the Son is God and the Holy Spirit is God, and there are not three Gods but one God.’
Even in the biblical accounts of Israelite culture are traces to henotheism to be found, for instance consisted the Canaanite pantheon of two chief deities (El and Asherat) whose seventy sons were said to rule over each of the nations of the earth.
Abraham, according to the Five Books of Moses, was the one who overcame the idol worship of his family and other people by recognizing the Hebrew God Yahweh. The first of the Ten Commandments can be interpreted to forbid the Children of Israel the worship of another god but Yahweh, claimed to be ‘the true one’. This implies, as some scholars have claimed, that there may be other deities which were then forbidden. Of course, the commandment itself does neither affirm nor deny the existence of other gods.
Also, Pre-Islamic Arabs believed in more than one god, but also in a supreme one, and the term used to describe him was Allah, the same name used in Islam today. These early culture was described as ‘mushrikin’, meaning to believe in God but share other gods in divinity – which is also forbidden to the Muslilm by the Koran as the Commandment forbade it to Israelites.
Interesting article, Jas, and so much work. Thanks for all the time you invested in it. Really good reading.
For season six, the boys will be back to fighting things that go bump in the night, and any and all of them will have come from a religion somewhere. All religions were built on top of each other and so are all monster myths.
If SPN continues with the religious mythology, God will be involved. That is not supposed to be the focal point anymore, but only time will tell.
Thanks for sharing.
Jas
What an amazing amount of research you have put into this article and time you have invested in writing it ,Thank you .
Honestly my mind is totally blown by the vast amount of information you have included here , and I understand now why it took so long to complete .
This is a tour de forcre which needs to be re read to digest all those facts.
Myself I still have many
Jas
What an amazing amount of research you have put into this article and time you have invested in writing it ,Thank you .
Honestly my mind is totally blown by the vast amount of information you have included here , and I understand now why it took so long to complete .
This is a tour de force which needs to be re read to digest all those facts.
Myself I still have many questions about Gods` involvement in the `SPN world and hope that in Season six we get these in the fallout from from Swan Song.
I feel belief to be a very individual thing and I am reminded of a famous british , catholic comnedian who was both praised and criticsed for the religious content in his performance, he ended every show with the words `Thank you , and may your God go with you`.
I think you summed everything up perfectly in your conclusion and it does not matter nor is it anyones concern if a person is a believer or not , what matters is how you chose to live your life Ju
Sorry for the double Post !!
Great article Jas! Really great. I can’t even imagine the amount of research, time and work that went into this. Not to mention the eye rolling, frustration and perhaps hilarity that occurred as you weeded out the more fanatical/odd views.
This is the first time I saw polytheism broken down into its various parts, and for that I thank you. Education’s fun! Gives history a new flavor.
What really impressed me was the level of respect and (seeming) distance with which you were able to write this. Each religion was treated with respect, honesty and care. It would take a hard core, fanatic to find offense.
I keep going back and looking for things to critique or add to make this comment sound vaguely intelligent but nope. You rocked it! And it made my day when you mentioned both Lewis and Tolkien. Fan of both. Found it interesting your question of being able to combine mythology and religion since both those authors did so beautifully. Lewis especially was interested in old myths and pagan lore. And, in a way, do you think that allegories could be a combination of the two?
Just out of curiosity, did you look at the Goetia at all? I’ve wondered if the writers have gone there for inspiration of some of the conjuring symbols and such. Never visited it myself since it sounds to be a dense and bizarre read, but I’ve wondered.
Once again, nicely written piece. And thanks for all the work you put into it.
Awesome article, Jas!!
I’d been wanting to do a bit of study of some of the religious concepts & figures that Supernatural had touched upon these last few seasons, but hadn’t had time to do the research, & now you’ve done it for us. Thanks!!! I’ve enjoyed mythology since childhood & am a huge Tolkien fan, so this was a treat. Kingdom of Heaven is one of my favorites too (especially the extended version) & that quote has always rung so true to me.
Dawn
Sablegreen, Julie, Dany, AnthonyC., Yvonne and Dawn, I am honoured by your generous comments, thank you.
Sablegreen, I am happy that you found something for you here. I would certainly be interested if the show re-visited the religious arc once in a while, which it probably will, as Castiel is still around… Ah, September, where are you…
Ju, you’re right, it took a while to get it all done, and I thought I might overtax you all… on the other hand it’s such a huge subject that you can hardly sort the most important details out.
I love that line of the comedian. How true. People might have different Gods, and their own should be with them… LIked that a lot.
Dany, So happy that you liked this, as you were the one who inspired me to do it with your comment to my Lucifer article :-), and thanks for your patience. Keep inspiring me, if you like, I don’t mind at all being asked about this or that…. 😆
Anthony C., I’m also curious what we might still here of God. Thank you for mentioning that novel, I don’t know it yet, but I will check it out. I am always grateful for such a recommendation.
Yvonne, hey, I’m so glad I could spice up some parts of history for you. I love it, too, or else I would have never taken on such a task or that amount of research. I love research though (yes, I think more and more Sam and I share some DNA… :lol)
Actually, I do believe that allegories combine mythological and religious aspects. There are so many elements both have in common, and I think the telling of those had to draw in part at least from known stories or archetypes to make it graspable for people…
For this article I didn’t look at the Goetia in depth, though I have both keys of Solomon at home (I am a history and mythology buff, apart from a few other things, :geek:-), but those didn’t feel fitting for this.
Thank you for recommending the respect I held towards different beliefs. I do. I grew up with various religions around me. My mother was a Christian, my dad was not. Early on I learned through their example, how easy it can be to live tolerance, respect and equality. I will be eternally grateful for that.
Dawn, it was my pleasure entirely to have summed it up for you to the best of my abilities. Thank you so much for your kind words, and yeah – Tolkien rocks!!
Thanks, all, again and ever, Jas
Blimey, Jas, that was an article and a half! Well done!
I was impressed by your fairness and bredth of vision, also by Freud’s carpet which is quite lovely and totally free from bits of Lego and squished Cheerios, unlike some I could mention.
Kingdom Of Heaven is one of my all-time favorite films ( and not just ‘cos one gets to stare at Orlando Bloom for hours and hours, either, you dirty-minded lot … ) My favorite Thewlis-ism out of many is where Balin unhelpfully points out he’s riding to certain death and he comes back with …
All death is certain.
Heh! Top monk … 😉
Suze, so happy you liked and appreciated what I had to offer here. Actually, Freud’s couch is a quite cosy one, I’ve seen it in Vienna once in his house (I guess every psycho has to go there on a kind of pligrimage, as he is the father of early psychology).
oh, and yes, that ‘All death is certain’ is also one of my favourite lines. One I actually borrowed occasionally.
Thank you so much! Jas (P.S. had to use another alias, imagined by Karen, as I couldn’t log in)
Wow Jaspala, this is amazing, the research alone, I’m in awe right now. I had to read it a couple of times to grasp everything. I wasn’t raised in any formable religion, so this was quite the learning experience for me. I have to agree aswel that it is how you chose to live your life that really matters. Thanks for sharing this with us.
Karen, thank you for your kind words here – it’s really wonderful to see the work I put into this article acknowledged by my dear fellow writer…
You emphasize again the importance of choice of how to live your life. I’ve met Christians who didn’t live a life anyone would call Christian. And some of my friends are agnostics or atheists and live a better and kinder life than I have seen some so-called Christians do. Religion, indeed, does not make us better people or worse ones. We do it ourselves, and if any religion might inspire us to try to be kinder, more compassionate, so be it. If reading poetry does it, it’s okay, too.
Love, Jas
Sloppy atheism? We don’t believe in any of this crap (except Cthulhu.) Concise, nothing sloppy about that. Plus, this wasn’t long enough. Slacker. 😉
I’m glad I’m not the only one who dug Kingdom of Heaven; that’s a great quote.
Swanky stuff here, Jas.
okay, okay, Randal, I’ll try to write more next time :geek:… Thank you, dearest Cthulhu devotee…. :lol:, Jas
Wow Jas, just wow.
I am sorry that I haven’t posted anything earlier her but as you know I was quit busy otherwise when and since you posted this article and I just got around to it today
I did know the basics of the various religions. Starting from the egyptians to religions today. But you gave me a deeper insight into some of them then I had before.
Your article just made my wish that schools all over the world would teach their pupils about various religions even great than before. Because if they did there might be a bigger understanding and tolerance towards each other and might make our world one day much more peaceful than it is today.
Having met you and seen how you always on the look out for research material I just know with how much fun and enthusiasm you go about your articles and you got my deep respect for that.
May I just add I am looking forward to your article about angels.
Thank you, Yirabah, I am glad I was able to offer something here you didn’t know yet. I also wish that people would learn more about various religions, as a lot of pain is produced by simple ignorance.
May I point you to an article on Angels I have written a while back? It’s called ‘Angels, Archangels, Michael and the Winchester Connection to Cain and Abel’. I think you might find it under Mystery Spot, not sure, though.
Thanks so much for your kind words! Take care, Jas
Jas, very interesting article. Thanks for the brain food. It’s very interesting to see how all different religions have evolved throughout the centuries. Kudos on the research.
I also appreciated your Kingdom of Heaven reference. I absolutely loved that movie (extended version) and appreciated the hospitaler’s quote about how holiness is in right action. I have also seen many people who come to church every week professing God, Christ and it’s teaching and then during the week, tend to ignore and live the exact opposite. It’s those religious pious hypocrites that really get me, which is what he talks about when he says he has seen the lunacy of fanatics.
I would like to get a clarification from you if I can. Could you please clarify for me what you meant by “Other groups like Mormons or Jehovah’s Witnesses and several others don’t accept the Trinitarian doctrine at all. ” My interpretation of this statement is that Mormons/JW don’t believe in the trinity, that is God the Father, God the Son, and The Holy Ghost. Is that what you meant by this?
Thanks again for the article. Always enjoy your thought provoking commentaries.
I’m way behind again (moving, aargh), Jas, but thanks for such a thoughtful and thought-provoking article–it was so fascinating to look at our concepts of God and their relation to the perspective of the series mythology– Bravo, as always
Evelyn and ElenaM, thanks for reading and commenting on this quite long article!
Evelyn, I think that Kingdom of Heaven quote really brings across how religion works best – in the right action every person is able to perform, if he or she is willing… Just like you said, I also have trouble tolerating hypocrites who, alas, sometimes turn out to be fundamentalists of one kind or the other.
As to your question – your’re right, I meant that, as far as I found out, the ‘other groups’ don’t believe in the Holy Trinity. You got it right,dear.
ElenaM, believe me, I know how much work moving means… so I’m very happy that you found time at all to read this, as it was really long this time.
Best wishes always, Jas
Jas, thanks for answering my question and that is what I thought you meant about your understanding in the Mormon religion and the Holy Trinity.
I would like, then, to clarify for you about the Mormon belief. I am Mormon and we absolutely believe in the holy trinity. The difference between our belief and other Christian faiths is that we believe that God the Father, Jesus Christ the Son and the Holy Ghost are 3 distinct beings, not one being as many other religions believe. Just wanted to make that clear for you and any others. Thanks.
Thank you, Evelyn, for making that clear. Then my sources have been a tad confusing, obviously. It’s so easy, I guess, to get it wrong and I hope I have not offended you or your faith, dear.
Thank you, jas
No, you haven’t offended me at all. I know your article was written with a lot of respect and would never want to skew your meaning in any way. There has always been a lot of confusion and misconceptions about my faith out there, so I do understand how you could have found things confusing yourself and found incorrect information. So no worries. For this article, I just wanted to make sure that this particular point was clear and understood. Thanks so much.
Evelyn, thank you, this is very generous of you. I can imagine finding incorrect information about your faith ‘out there’ must be difficult to swallow. So, I won’t be worried but grateful that you clarified it for all of us. Thank you indeed, Jas
I’m only almost a month late, but I just finished reading this. And WOW is all I can say. That was amazing. What a vast amount of research you did for this. Excellent writing here. And I definitely learned a lot from this. So thanks very much for writing this, Jas!
As an agnostic myself, I loved it when Dean revealed that he was skeptical about God’s existence. It’s a position most shows shy away from so as to not alienate their viewers. But the writers respected us as an audience enough to not let that affect our opinion of the show or the character. Dean’s skepticism fit him and his life experiences.
At any rate, thanks again for this great article, Jas.